How To Fly Aircraft?

In our first article we will talk about how to fly planes. Four forces act on the plane in the air.

These are :Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag

       

1) Lift

a) Wing Design: Lifting force is caused by movement of the wings in the air. The wings were designed according to the Bernoulli principle. Leading edge of the wing where the air is divided into two. Trailing edge is reached. Air is leaved must arrive at same time to trailing edge. In the upper parts of the air must be more ways. The air is above must be faster. Low pressure is created in the upper parts. Our low pressure is formed above the plane wants to climb.

R

b) Angle of Attack: Angle based on the location of aircraft wing is called the angle of attack. Plane want to climb If angle is in up. Plane want to descend If angle in down. If the angle of the wing based on the location is “0” plane wants to continue to fly straight.

2-Weight

As each item on Earth as a result of gravitational mass of vehicles compared to the weight are formed. This weight pulls down the plane. This force is the most important point is to know about all the weight of the aircraft is moving as if it in a single point. To this point, "Center of Gravity" is called.

3-Thrust

Thrust from the engine is provided. Engines pushes air back and keeps the aircraft in air.

4-Drag

During the relative motion of an aircraft in the air is called the resistance encountered. The mission of aircraft is to beat drag force.

Flight Controls

Aircraft move in three axes. These axes;

• In the lateral axis pitching motion is made with the elevator.

• In the longitudinal axis roll motion is made with the aileron.

• In vertical axis yaw motion is made with rudder.

Control are needed for aircraft perform this action. Flight controls are divided into two.

• Primary Flight Controls

•  Secondary Flight Controls

    

  Primary Flight Controls

This allows us to control the plane is taking three basic movements. Now let's find out what are the primary flight control.

•  Aileron

• Rudder

•  Elevator

The task of the secondary flight control is to help primary flight controls during the flight.

 Secondary Flight Controls

Now let's have the secondary flight controls.

• Slot

• Slat

• Flap

• Flaperon

• Spoiler

• Tabs

In our next article we will cover the main flight controls.

Primary Flight Simulator

Aileron:

Aileron is the control of roll axis. Aileron’s task is to make turn movement of aircraft. It is conrolled by the joystick or lever. There are one aileron in right wing and left wing. Large jet passenger and cargo aircraft has two aileron in each wing. After a certain speed of such aircraft wingtip ailerons instead uses aileron close to the fuselage. Aileron simultaneously and asymmetric (in reverse order) as they work. So while the aileron on the left wing is above , on the right side is below. Thus, our plane will turn the direction is wanted.

Rudder:

It is the yaw axis control. This flight control surfaces make the yaw of the aircraft. Rudder is moveable part in aircraft's tail. It is controlled by pressing the pedals in the cockpit. When you press the left pedal rudder turns left and air flow creates a force on the rudder and nose of the plane allows to turn left.

Elevator:

It is the pitch axis control. This flight control surfaces on aircraft make the pitching motion. Thus, aircraft can gain or lose altitude. This control is achieved in three ways. It is controlled by joystick or lever.

If we pull the lever aircraft begins to climb.

If we push the lever forward aircraft begins to descend.

Secondary Flight Controls

Slot

Slot opening in the wing or tail surface to provide control at low speeds. These slots are called fixed slot.

Slat

Slat is the piece that provide to extend forward of wing leading edge. Lifting force increases with slat.It provides you to fly at low speeds. The difference between the slot and Slat; slots is used during flights slat is used when needed.

Flap

The task of the flap by increasing surface curvature and the wing area of the aircraft at low speeds is to hold the air. Another task of flaps is to increase drag if necessary to slow down aircraft.

Flaperon

The electronic flight control systems are needed to use. F-16 can be given as examples.

In our next article we will cover the Spoiler

Spoiler

Spoiler

Task of spoiler is to increase the drag force by disrupt the air flow over the wing. They are divided into three groups according to the intended use.

1) Flight Spoiler

The spoiler in side of the plane is opened. It helps turn. Other wing spoilers are closed.

2) Speed Brake

Spoiler that is in both wing is opened at same time and same amount. It provides to lose altitude and speed.

3) Ground Spoiler

This mode is used in location. When the aircraft on the runway and the necessary conditions are fully opened all spoilers on the top of both wings

Let me explain the conditions under items.

• The throttle lever must be pulled to the idle.

• Speed ​​Brake lever should be brought to the arm position.

• Main pillars of Aircraft contacts with the ground. Rotation information should be submitted to the control unit with transducer located in the wheel.

Aircraft Lighting Systems

Position Lights

Aircraft position lights must be open when working in and from sunset until sunrise on the flight.

Strobe Lights

During Taxi the pilot should not be opened if it affects officials and other pilots. lights should be closed When a negative reflection of the clouds in flight.

Anti collision

While aircraft study it must always be open day and night. During Any adverse meteorological conditions or pose a threat to security the light can be switched off by the pilots.

Landing Lights

It is opened when get permission for take off. It is not closed up to 10,000 feet. especially if you have 10nm near the airport, other activities, In low visibility conditions, expected bevy areas, coastal areas, lake areas, dumpster located in areas landing lights should be on position. Aircraft manufacturer's recommendations for use of landing lights should be considered.

Logo Lights

The pilot can be opened or closed at the discretion of the business.

Navigation Lights

It is opened before you start the taxi.

Taxi Lights

The plane is in motion or when starting to move to signal other pilots taxi lights are turned on. Light is turned off when aircraft is stopped or give way another traffic.
In runway or taxi According to the pilot's discretion all lights can be turned on. It provides you to stand out by controller and the other pilots when you come to runway, taxi and while you approach to land. But the pilot should know the limits of the use of the light system and should not affect the other pilots

Altimeter

It shows to altitude of aircraft according to sea level.There are three different inndicator on altimeter. Lengths are different from one another. The longest range of 100 feet, 1000 feet range is medium-length arm, the short arm indicates the range of 10,000 feet. Located on altimeter barber pole seem below 10.000 feet.

Radio Altimeter

Radio Altimeter starts working below an elevation of 2,500 feet. Aircraft sends radio signals to the ground and plane calculates commute time indicates the true distance between.

Altimeter Setting

The pressure value is not standard in real life. This depends on the density of air. change of temperature changes density of air. If the temperature drops the air becomes heavy and air density increases. If we have the same pressure our aircraft altimeter indicates the same value although change in altitude. For this reason, the pressure difference occurs between regions. Although changes in temperature if aircraft fly same pressure surface aircraft doesen’t show change of altitude.

Pressure Encodings

QFE

The pressure is measured at an airport. Aircraft based on the reference point indicates the altitude. When you land to the runway altimeter indicates the “0” value of feet.

QNH

 It’s the pressure level is measured according to sea level. After landing the aircraft's altimeter will show sea level’s altitude.

QNE

In very high altitude airports, the air pressure is too low or in situations where it is impossible to set the altimeter device is entered. Altimeter standard values ​​are entered in 1013.

Cockpit

You can see the indicators numbered in the below photo  .

Now let's learn the names of these indicators.

1) Airspeed ​​Indicator

2) Attitude Indicator

3) Altimeter

4) Heading Indicator

5) Turn and slip Indicator

6) Vertical Speed Indicator

7) Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) and Fuel Flow Indicator

8) Fuel Quantity Indicator

9) Oil Temperature and Oil Pressure Indicator

10) Vacuum and Ammeter Indicator

11) VOR1/ILS  Indicator

12) VOR2 Indicator

13) ADF Indicator

14) Engine Speed ​​Indicator

I will explain indicators in my other article.

Basic T Rule and Indicators

Hello Friends In this article we'll talk about Basic T Rules And indicators.

The most important indicators for the flight was a T-shaped arrays.they were putted t shapped the indicators when you across the dangerous situation You can easily see your important indicators.

1)Airspeed Indicator

Airspeed Indicator Is the indicator showing the current speed of the aircraft. Speed ​​refers to the form of knots. 

On the indicator;

 Red line: never-exceed speed .

Yellow line: Never to be entered. With the upper limit being Vne. The lower limit being the maximum structural cruising speed .

Green line: Normal operating speed range. With the lower limit stall speed. the upper limit being.

White line: flaps extension speed range where flaps can be used, with the lower limit being the power-off stall speed with flaps and gear down, and the upper limit being the “maximum flaps extension speed”.

2) Suni Ufuk (Durum Gyrosu)

It is the indicator showing the status of the aircraft. Blue parts represent sky. if the sign in blue part  the aircraft climbs. If the aircraft turns right sign turns rights. There are degrees on the display.

3) Altimeter

It shows the height of the aircraft according to sea level. Click here for more information

4)Heading Indicator

It shows the aircraft's direction in degrees. Magnetic direction information comes from the flux valve. Compass 360 north, 180 south, west and east of 270 indicates a 90. Flux valve away from the aircraft's magnetic field at the wing tips, which are placed one each. Indicators are magnetic north reference.

Magnetic Compass

Also known as aqueous compass. It indicates magnetic north. According to the heading indicator magnetic compass is more reliable. There is no need electricity to work. Kerosene jet fuel, which is located within. Just to clarify the compass into electrical energy is needed. Before the flight, the compass should be checked whether the full kerosen inside.
Magnetic compass works without any engagement and taken as a reference point that is showing the correct values ​​should be checked. Magnetic compass of the other devices in the cockpit to be affected by the magnetic field of the magnetic field at least that was put in place. The photo below seems to be the location of the magnetic compass. In the photo below you can see the location on the magnetic compass and the cockpit.

Turn and Slip Indicator

These indicators will give you knowledge for balanced and coordinated information data. It consists of two indicators. Located in gyro gives the deflection speed of the nose. In the photo below you can see the Turn and Slip Indicator.

Now let's look at this indicator.

Now let's look at this indicator.

Slip Indicator: In flat and horizontal flight black ball stops in the middle of the tube. Still remains in the middle of a coordinated turn. If less slip than the rate of turn black point slide to the opposite side. This way is called understeer in the air. According to  rate of turn is greater than the amount of slip black point slide to the turn side. This type of flight is called slide.

Turn indicator: The indicator is part of the Gyroscope. It shows the amount of turn of the plane. There are three reference mark on the dial.

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